References

1. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 2b: Identifying a Mah-Jongg Variant." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html

chart’s note Tile counts, hand sizes, flower handling and scoring for roughly 50 named variants. Primary source for most leaf nodes in this chart.

Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Taiwanese style, Hong Kong Taiwanese, Nanyang variants, Singapore style, Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player, Filipino style, Bashi-Bashi, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern, Pong, MCR / Chinese official, Zung Jung, Mainland regionals, Sichuan / Hunan / Tibetan, Sichuan bloody rules, Sichuan 72-tile game, Fuzhou style, Fujian style, Beijing style, Nanjing style, Shenzhen style, Macau simplificado, Tui Dao Hu, Chinese casino style, Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma, WMPA / WMF, Korean traditional, Babcock rules, Twenty Point Mah Jong, Western / British Empire style, Wright-Patterson, India / Mumbai style, Israeli Mah-Jongg Association, Nepalese, Pusser's Bones, American mah jongg, Siamese Mah Jongg, Modern inventions, Duplicate mahjong, Mhing, Mahjong Masters Millions

2. Sloper, Tom. "The Mah-Jongg Family Tree." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/tree.htm

chart’s note Illustrated tree; source for the Matiao / Khanhoo / dominoes root structure.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic

3. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11: History of Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11f.html

chart’s note Regional branching in the 1930s and 40s; Racster 1924 on Shanghai versus Hong Kong base scores; the author's own note that the tree illustration predates later findings.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

4. Sloper, Tom. "Comparative Analysis of Early Mah-Jongg Forms." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/analysis.html

chart’s note Chinese Archaic, Late Qing and Pre-Classical rule comparisons.

Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Hong Kong old style, Japanese classical / arushiiaru

5. Sloper, Tom. "Malaysian Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mahjongg/malaysian.html

chart’s note The 84-tile three-player and 164-tile four-player Malaysian games.

Cited for: Malaysian 3-player, Malaysian 4-player

6. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 22: Chinese Official Scoring Explained." Sloperama.

https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq22.html

chart’s note Confirms the 1998 People's Sports Publishing House edition of the competition rules.

Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference

7. Mahjong Wiki. "Family Tree and Timeline." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/

chart’s note The decade-by-decade timeline and the branch structure this chart follows, including the caveat that each variant's evolution has been cross-cultural.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Nanyang variants, Mainland regionals, Korean traditional

8. Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong Old Style Overview."

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-overview

chart’s note The 1950s simplification, removal of fu, the 1970s 3-3 system, and the late-1980s split into Taiwanese and Guangdong styles.

Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS, Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, Taiwanese style

9. Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Official (MCR) Overview."

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-official-overview

chart’s note 1998 release; the 1996 PRC push for sport recognition; Cantonese objections around the handover.

Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference

10. Yuria (Hassouhatsu Club). "A Brief History of Japanese Mahjong." Krakow Chombo Club, 2 Aug 2026.

https://chombo.club/en/blog/2026/08/02/a-brief-history-of-japanese-mahjong/

chart’s note Arushiiaru rules and scoring; Amano Daizou; the Houchi Shinbun serial of 11 Nov - 5 Dec 1952; the 1957 Tokyo rules and 1967 modern rules; bazoro; the Federation's 2016 acceptance of riichi.

Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Tokyo rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma, WMPA / WMF

11. Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Mahjong." riichi.wiki.

https://riichi.wiki/index.php?title=Japanese_mahjong

chart’s note Arrival in Japan in 1909; the post-1969 popularity surge; Tenhou.net in 2007.

Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Houchi rules, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma

12. Wikipedia. "Japanese Mahjong."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_mahjong

chart’s note The riichi declaration, dora, furiten and ordered discards.

Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Sanma

13. Wikipedia. "American Mahjong."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mahjong

chart’s note Racks, jokers, the Charleston, and the NMJL / AMJA annual card.

Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg, AMJA card

14. MahjongCompare. "Mahjong History and Origin."

https://mahjongcompare.com/history

chart’s note NMJL founders (Cecil, Meyerson, Jacobs, Potter), the 1937 Essex House meeting, and jokers entering the official rules in 1961.

Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg

15. The Mahjong Line. "History of the Game."

https://themahjongline.com/pages/history

chart’s note Wright-Patterson origins among Air Force officers' spouses at Wright Field, Ohio.

Cited for: Wright-Patterson, NMJL card

16. The Charleston Club. "The History of American Mah Jongg."

https://thecharlestonclubaz.com/blogs/the-journal/the-history-of-american-mah-jongg-from-1920s-import-to-a-century-old-american-tradition

chart’s note Babcock's 1920 translation and the Parker Brothers / Milton Bradley licensing.

Cited for: Babcock rules, NMJL card

17. Grokipedia. "American Mahjong."

https://grokipedia.com/page/American_mahjong

chart’s note Jokers appearing in sets from the 1940s; the NMJL mandate from the 1960-61 season.

Cited for: Regional US house rules, NMJL card, American mah jongg

18. Wikipedia. "Hong Kong Mahjong Scoring Rules."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_mahjong_scoring_rules

chart’s note Faan scoring, the common 3-faan minimum and the 13-faan ceiling.

Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS

19. Wikipedia. "World Mahjong Championship."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Mahjong_Championship

chart’s note Mahjong certified as China's 255th sport in January 1998; unified rules codified that September.

Cited for: MCR / Chinese official

20. World Mahjong Organization. Mahjong Competition Rules, English edition.

http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_EN.pdf

chart’s note The 1998 ruleset itself.

Cited for: MCR / Chinese official, MCR scoring reference

21. The World of Chinese. "Tales of the Tile," November 2019.

https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/11/tales-of-the-tile/

chart’s note The 1998 State Sports Commission publication of the Guobiao rules; WMO founded 2006.

Cited for: MCR / Chinese official

22. Mahjong International League. "Duplicate Mahjong Rules."

https://web.archive.org/web/20240315213300/http://mahjong-mil.org/rules_dup.html

chart’s note Prebuilt walls intended to remove luck for mind-sport recognition. The live page was withdrawn after this was read; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 15 March 2024.

Cited for: Duplicate mahjong

23. Grad, Gladys. Siamese Mah Jongg. mahjongg.org.

https://mahjongg.org/

chart’s note The two-handed variant, 2015.

Cited for: Siamese Mah Jongg

24. maque.games. "Tui Dao Hu."

https://web.archive.org/web/20241013165700/https://maque.games/post/323/

chart’s note Twelve ways of going out; more than one player may win. The domain no longer serves this post — it now returns a placeholder — so the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 13 October 2024.

Cited for: Tui Dao Hu

25. Gunplot. "Pusser's Mahjongg (Pusser's Bones)."

https://web.archive.org/web/20250224175448/https://www.gunplot.net/mahjongg/mahjongg2.html

chart’s note The Royal Navy adaptation of the Western game. The live page has since gone; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 24 February 2025.

Cited for: Pusser's Bones

26. Stanwick, Michael and Hongbing Xu. "Flowers and Kings." themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/flowers-and-kings-an-hypothesis-of-their-function-in-early-ma-que/

chart’s note Early ma que tile-set research underlying the Hua Maque and Wang Maque material.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Late Qing style, Hua ma que, North China flower sparrow, Wang ma que, Changsha kings sparrow

27. Perlmen, Samuel K. and Mark Kai-Chi Chan. The Chinese Game of Mahjong. Book Marketing Ltd., Hong Kong, 1979. ISBN 962-211-0169.

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/658815.The_Chinese_Game_of_Mahjong

chart’s note The only book the wiki cites by name, used as a whole fan-list column. Sloper's book FAQ describes it as covering both Old Style and New Style as played in Hong Kong, which is precisely the distinction the wiki's taxonomy is built on. This is the likeliest backbone of its HKOS material.

Cited for: Hong Kong old style

28. "Let's Mahjong!" ruleset, as tabulated on the Mahjong Wiki HKOS scoring page.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-scoring

chart’s note Cited as a second fan-list column and treated as the representative New Chapter standard. The wiki describes it as the transition from HKOS to Guangdong Style. It is a ruleset, not a scholarly source, and the wiki gives no publication details for it.

Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Guangdong style

29. Cantonese fan lists: New6 (六獨), New18 (十八番), and 無奇不有.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-new-style-overview

chart’s note Named on the HKOS and Hong Kong New Style pages. These are traditions internal to Hong Kong play. The wiki's own caveat is that NEW18 may not in fact be standardised at all.

Cited for: Hong Kong old style

30. Kwan, Alan. Zung Jung scoring system.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:zung-jung-overview

chart’s note Named on the wiki and independently documented; the World Series of Mahjong used a modified form of it.

Cited for: Zung Jung

31. Chinese Mahjong Competition Rules, People's Sports Publishing House, 1998.

http://mahjong-europe.org/portal/images/docs/mcr_EN.pdf

chart’s note Underlies the wiki's MCR pages, though it cites no edition.

Cited for: MCR / Chinese official

32. British Mahjong scoring, as tabulated on the wiki's own Western Mah Jong page.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:western-mah-jong-scoring

chart’s note The wiki attributes All Green, Seven Pairs and the Jewel Dragons to this tradition flowing back into Chinese rulesets. No book is named. The page has since been removed from the live wiki and the Wayback Machine holds no capture of it, so this citation can no longer be checked at source.

Cited for: Western / British Empire style

33. Archived earlier version of the Mahjong Wiki, 30 March 2025.

https://web.archive.org/web/20250330002121/http://mahjong.wikidot.com/

chart’s note The author's own predecessor site, linked from the current front page. Useful for seeing which claims are new to the rebuild and which were carried over.

Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.

34. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 3: Books About Mah-Jongg."

https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq03.html

chart’s note Identifies Perlmen & Chan in full and lists the other Hong Kong Old Style books: Constantino, Li, Tsui, Lo.

Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.

35. rec.games.mahjong newsgroup archive.

https://groups.google.com/g/rec.games.mahjong

chart’s note Where much of the English-language variant research was originally argued out, and the origin of several single-informant reports in Sloper's catalogue.

Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.

36. Tsui, Cofa. International Mahjong Rules, 1998.

https://www.cofatsui.com/mahjong.html

chart’s note An independent Hong Kong Old Style codification, useful as a check on the wiki's fan tables.

Cited for: Hong Kong old style

37. Cantonese Wikipedia: 香港麻雀.

https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80

chart’s note Cantonese-language treatment of the Hong Kong game, in the register the wiki appears to draw from.

Cited for: Modern HKOS

38. Chinese Wikipedia: 香港麻雀胡牌列表.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E8%83%A1%E7%89%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8

chart’s note Hong Kong winning-hand list, a direct comparison point for the wiki's NEW6 and NEW18 tables.

Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.

39. Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Classical Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-classical-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

40. Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong New Style Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-new-style-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

41. Mahjong Wiki. "Hong Kong Old Style Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:hong-kong-old-style-scoring

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.

42. Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong Style Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:guangdong-style-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Hong Kong old style, Guangdong style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR

43. Mahjong Wiki. "Guangdong MCR Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:gmcr-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Guangdong MCR / GMCR, MCR / Chinese official

44. Mahjong Wiki. "Taiwanese Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:taiwanese-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Taiwanese style, Hong Kong Taiwanese

45. Mahjong Wiki. "Zung Jung Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:zung-jung-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Zung Jung

46. Mahjong Wiki. "Mainland Mahjong Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:mainland-mahjong-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Guangdong style, Mainland regionals, Sichuan bloody rules

47. Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Classical Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:japanese-classical-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Japanese classical / arushiiaru

48. Mahjong Wiki. "Japanese Modern Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:japanese-modern-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: Modern riichi / yonma

49. Mahjong Wiki. "American Overview." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:american-overview

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki.

Cited for: NMJL card, American mah jongg

50. Mahjong Wiki. "Western Mah Jong Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:western-mah-jong-scoring

chart’s note Cited as the source for individual nodes in the chart's node table. Carries no bibliography or per-claim citations of its own; see the appendix on tracing the wiki. The page has since been removed from the live wiki and the Wayback Machine holds no capture of it, so this citation can no longer be checked at source.

Not cited by any variant — background reading carried over from the source chart’s bibliography.

51. Mahjong International League. "Brief Introduction to Bloody Mahjong."

https://mahjong-mil.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Brief_Introduction_to_Bloody_Mahjong-1.pdf

AI summary Rules document for Sichuan Bloody Rules: 108 tiles in three suits, no honours or flowers, the blood-battle continuation after the first win, and the missing-suit requirement.

Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules

52. Sloper, Tom. "Mah-Jongg Cards." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/cards.html

AI summary Describes how the annual American card works as an artefact and how the NMJL and AMJA cards differ in form. Used here only for structure, never for hand content.

Cited for: AMJA card, Mhing

53. Mahjong Wiki. "Korean Mahjong Rules." mahjong.wikidot.com.

https://web.archive.org/web/20250114102109/http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:korean-overview

AI summary Infobox for the Korean game: 104 tiles, 13-tile hand, point-based scoring with a 2-point minimum and 80-point maximum, 32 hands. Not listed in the chart's own wiki table. The page has since been removed from the live wiki; the link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 14 January 2025.

Cited for: Korean traditional

54. Wikipedia. "Mahjong."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong

AI summary The main article's regional-variations section, which describes most branches of this tree independently of the chart's own sources.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical, Hong Kong old style, Taiwanese style, Singapore style, Filipino style, Vietnamese classical, Vietnamese modern, Japanese classical / arushiiaru, Modern riichi / yonma, Korean traditional, Western / British Empire style, Pusser's Bones, American mah jongg

55. Wikipedia. "Scoring in Mahjong."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring_in_Mahjong

AI summary Comparative scoring across Hong Kong, Chinese Classical and Taiwanese systems, including the range of minimum-point conventions and the Mandarin and Cantonese terms for a scoreless hand.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Modern HKOS, Taiwanese style, Zung Jung, Tui Dao Hu

56. Wikipedia. "Three-player mahjong."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-player_mahjong

AI summary The Korean and Japanese three-player game in detail: which tiles are removed, the prohibition on melding chows from a discard, and the sacred-discard rule.

Cited for: Sanma, Korean traditional

57. Kwan, Alan. Zung Jung Mahjong Scoring System v3.3, official website.

https://www.zj-mahjong.info/zj33_rules_eng.html

AI summary The designer's own site and rules text: 136 tiles in 34 designs, only the winning hand scored, 44 patterns with an additive rule and no basic points. Also hosts his book, Zung Jung: a Perspective of Mahjong History.

Cited for: Zung Jung

58. Ging's Brain. "How to Play Filipino Mahjong."

https://gingsbrain.blogspot.com/2010/10/how-to-play-filipino-mahjong.html

AI summary A play-level account of the Filipino game, cited by Sloperama's catalogue. Confirms the 17-tile winning hand and the flower and season sets.

Cited for: Filipino style

59. Beijing Mahjong Rules (kzpn200 blog).

https://kzpn200.blogspot.com/2016/03/beijing-mahjong-rules.html

AI summary The Beijing game in detail, cited by Sloperama's catalogue: 136 tiles, no flower or season tiles, and the wild-tile mechanism worked from a face-up indicator.

Cited for: Beijing style

60. Mahjong Pros. "Official Sichuan (SBR) Mahjong Rules."

https://mahjongpros.com/blogs/mahjong-rules-and-scoring-tables/official-sichuan-sbr-mahjong-rules

AI summary Sichuan Bloody Rules as a playable ruleset: 108 tiles with all honours, flowers, red fives and jokers removed, and the restriction on calling a chow.

Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules

61. World Mahjong Tour. Sichuan Mahjong Blood Battle tournament rules.

https://worldmahjongtour.live/tournament-rules-sichuan-mahjong/

AI summary A tournament codification of Sichuan Blood Battle: 108 tiles in three suits, the one-missing-suit requirement, and a three-fan cap intended to reduce luck.

Cited for: Sichuan bloody rules

62. Munday, Frank "Choco". How to Play the Royal Australian Navy Version of Mah Jong. Hot Rod Handbooks, first edition 2023.

https://www.hotrodhandbooks.com.au/ebooks/pussers%20bones.pdf

AI summary A complete 32-page ruleset for Pusser's Bones: tile taxonomy and sailors' names, game preparation, gameplay, strategy, the full points, doubles, fixed-score, bonus and penalty tables, and Bones etiquette. IN COPYRIGHT: © 2023 Hot Rod Handbooks, all rights reserved. Its game mechanics are recorded here as facts; its text is not reproduced and the file is not filed in this repository.

Cited for: Pusser's Bones

63. National Mah Jongg League, official website.

https://www.nationalmahjonggleague.org/

AI summary The League's own site. In 2026 it advertises the current card while celebrating 89 years, which dates its own founding to 1937.

Cited for: NMJL card

64. Mahjong International League, organisation homepage.

https://mahjong-mil.org/

AI summary States that MIL operates under the International Mind Sports Association with member associations in more than 50 countries, initiated the duplicate format, and recognises MCR, Riichi and Sichuan rules as the three main international competition rulesets.

Cited for: AMJA card, Duplicate mahjong

65. Wikipedia. "Joseph Park Babcock."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Park_Babcock

AI summary Biography of the populariser: 1893 to 1949, his 1920 Rules of Mah-Jongg known as the red book, and his membership of the committee that published a standardised American rule set.

Cited for: Babcock rules, Regional US house rules

66. Chinese Wikipedia: 港式臺灣麻雀 (Hong Kong-style Taiwanese Mahjong).

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%B8%AF%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%87

AI summary The only encyclopedia treatment found of the 16-tile Hong Kong and Macau game. Describes it as a blend of Hong Kong, authentic Taiwanese, Japanese and MCR rules, with additive scoring, a ready declaration called ding, and a carry-over stake called la. The article itself carries a single-source reliability warning.

Cited for: Hong Kong Taiwanese

67. Wikipedia. "Mhing."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhing

AI summary Dates the card game to a 1982 Suntex publication. The article is an orphan and carries a single-source reliability warning.

Cited for: Mhing

68. Steve-p.org. "Cards - Mhing (Spear's Games)."

https://steve-p.org/cards/Mhin.html

AI summary A card collector's description of the Spear's Games 1984 UK edition: a deck based on Chinese money-suited cards, with wild cards, scoring cards and hand-reference tables. Records the original 1982 Suntex International release in Pennsylvania and names Robert Sun as the company's founder.

Cited for: Mhing

69. Munday, Frank "Choco". "Pussers Bones" reference guide, part 2: the rules. Gun Plot.

https://web.archive.org/web/20250210042623/http://gunplot.net/mahjongg/mahjongg3.html

AI summary The play and scoring rules: three or four players, thirteen bones in hand, the winning structure of four sets and a double-up, the 50-point-and-one-double minimum, and the zero-sum scoresheet at a cent a point. Read through the Wayback Machine. The link is to the Wayback Machine capture of 10 February 2025, the live page having gone.

Cited for: Pusser's Bones

70. Pussers Greenies (Royal Australian Navy electrical branch association). Slang glossary.

http://www.pussersgreenies.org/glossary.html

AI summary An RAN veterans' slang index with no connection to the Pusser's Bones rules author. Defines Bones as mah-jongg tiles, and independently carries the register the rules guide is written in: grey funnel line, roughers, gash, macca. The site serves no working HTTPS, so the link is plain HTTP.

Cited for: Pusser's Bones

71. BoardGameGeek. "Pussers Bones (the Australian Navy Rules)", Mahjong forum thread 1729359, c. February 2017.

https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/1729359/pussers-bones-the-australian-navy-rules

AI summary Checked and closed as a lead. A single post containing a link to the Gun Plot site, with no independent account of play. Behind a Cloudflare challenge and with no usable archive snapshot, so its contents are as reported by the repository owner, who opened it directly.

Cited for: Pusser's Bones

72. Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Daizo Amano." riichi.wiki.

https://riichi.wiki/Daizo_Amano

AI summary Biography and complete ruleset list for 天野大三 (1904-1982): the 1952 Hochi rules and the police incident, and the seven rulesets he authored between 1952 and 1978. Read through the Wayback Machine.

Cited for: Houchi rules, Modern rules, Modern riichi / yonma

73. Japanese Mahjong Wiki. "Tokyo rules." riichi.wiki.

https://riichi.wiki/Tokyo_rules

AI summary A full treatment of the 1957 ruleset 東京ルール / 全一飜縛り麻雀: equipment, play, scoring and yaku, including that it has no kandora or uradora. Read through the Wayback Machine.

Cited for: Tokyo rules

74. World Mahjong Tour. Guangdong Mahjong tournament rules.

https://worldmahjongtour.live/tournament-rules-guangdong-mahjong/

AI summary A tournament codification of Guangdong style, showing the variant in current competitive use.

Cited for: Guangdong MCR / GMCR

75. Four Winds Mah Jong. "Rule presets — MMM."

https://4windsmj.com/kb/help/4winpr21.htm

AI summary The rule-preset documentation of a long-running mahjong program, describing the 1997 Mahjong Masters Millions tournament ruleset and its relation to the Internet Mahjong Server rules.

Cited for: Mahjong Masters Millions

76. Wikipedia. "William Henry Wilkinson."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Wilkinson

AI summary The collector behind the Chinese archaic node: British sinologist and Consul-General in China and Korea from 1880 to 1918, whose 1889-90 collection from nine Chinese cities is now in the British Museum.

Cited for: Chinese archaic

77. Wikipedia. "Khanhoo."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanhoo

AI summary The draw-and-discard card game Wilkinson adapted for Western players in 1891, described as belonging to the same family as mahjong, with mòhú and pènghú named as mahjong's ancestors.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic

78. Stanwick, Michael. "Má qiǎo / má què terms 1780-1920." themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/pre-1920-names/

AI summary Tile-set scholarship tracing the game's names before 1920, including Wilkinson's 1889 collection of precursor má qiǎo tiles now in the British Museum's Schreiber Collection, and his unpublished 1925 memorandum.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, Late Qing style

79. Baidu Baike: 南京麻将 (Nanjing Mahjong).

https://baike.baidu.com/en/item/Nanjing%20Mahjong/29762

AI summary A detailed account of the Nanjing regional variant, also called Jinling Mahjong: its 144-tile set with twenty flower tiles, its flower-based scoring, and its minor and major hand categories.

Cited for: Nanjing style

80. Macau. Portaria n.º 135/91/M, "Regulamento Oficial do Jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, I Série, n.º 31, 5 August 1991, p. 3435.

https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/91/31/port135.asp

AI summary The official rules of mahjong as a casino game in Macau, still the ruleset in force. Governs two forms: conventional mahjong on 136 tiles with a 13-tile hand, and simplified mahjong on 112 tiles with a 4-tile hand. Carries the wall build, the claiming rules, the fan list, the banker's double payment, the discarder-liability rules and the table of house commission by stake. Revoked Portaria n.º 52/89/M.

Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Macau simplificado, Chinese casino style

81. Macau. Portaria n.º 52/89/M, "Regulamento Oficial do Jogo de Mah-Jong." Boletim Oficial de Macau, I Série, n.º 12, 20 March 1989, p. 1326.

https://bo.dsaj.gov.mo/bo/i/89/12/port52.asp

AI summary The 1989 official casino rules, superseded in 1991. One form only: 136 tiles, 13-tile hand, chows and pungs from discards, fan scoring, banker pays and receives double, house commission by stake band. Revoked the provisional Portaria n.º 133/88/M; its article 7 was amended by Portaria n.º 161/89/M.

Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Chinese casino style

82. Direcção dos Serviços de Assuntos de Justiça (Macao SAR). Register of Portarias, Boletim Oficial.

https://www.bo.dsaj.gov.mo/pt/legis/list/a/?d=54

AI summary The official legislative register. It lists Portaria n.º 133/88/M of 22 August 1988, "Aprova o regulamento provisório de jogo de Mah-Jong", the first regulation of casino mahjong, with no link to its text, and the chain that followed it: 52/89/M, 161/89/M, 100/89/M and 65/90/M (Mahjong — Pai Kao), 125/91/M and 135/91/M.

Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Chinese casino style

83. Gaming Inspection and Coordination Bureau (DICJ), Macao SAR. "Gaming Rules."

https://www.dicj.gov.mo/web/en/rules/index.html

AI summary The regulator's current list of casino games and the regulation governing each. It names Mahjong (Portaria 135/91/M), Mahjong Baccarat (15/96/M) and Mahjong Paikao (100/89/M), which establishes that the 1991 mahjong rules are live regulation rather than history.

Cited for: Macau official casino mahjong, Macau simplificado, Chinese casino style

84. Shackleford, Michael. "Mah Jong Pai Gow." Wizard of Odds.

https://wizardofodds.com/games/mah-jong-pai-gow/

AI summary A banked table game found in older Macau casinos, played with 20 mahjong dot tiles two at a time against a rotating player-banker, the dealer taking 5 per cent of winning wagers. Not mahjong; a different game built from mahjong tiles. Its rules were obtained in Portuguese and translated, which matches the Macau portarias for "Mahjong — Pai Kao".

Cited for: Chinese casino style

85. Napoleons Casinos & Restaurants. "How to Play Mahjong."

https://napoleons-casinos.co.uk/your-first-visit/how-to-play/mahjong/

AI summary A British casino group's published description of the mahjong it spreads at its Sheffield, Manchester and Hull venues: 144 tiles, 13 in hand and 14 for the dealer, pongs, kongs and chows, scoring "depending on the variation played", and an explicit statement that house rules vary by venue.

Cited for: Chinese casino style

86. Genting Casinos UK. "Play Mahjong at Genting Casinos."

https://www.gentingcasinos.co.uk/casino-gaming/mahjong/

AI summary Lists the fourteen British casinos where the group runs mahjong games, and states that the rules each table of four plays by may differ. Establishes that casino mahjong is a live commercial offering outside Asia, with no single ruleset behind the name.

Cited for: Chinese casino style

87. Internet Archive. Capture of Sloperama FAQ 2b, 28 August 2008.

https://web.archive.org/web/20080828055632/http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html

AI summary The last capture of the variant catalogue before the Chinese casino style entry existed. The list ends at Fujian Style and runs straight on to the comparative-analysis link.

Cited for: Chinese casino style

88. Internet Archive. Capture of Sloperama FAQ 2b, 28 December 2009.

https://web.archive.org/web/20091228091957/http://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq02b.html

AI summary The first capture carrying the Chinese casino style entry, six months after the forum report it rests on. Its wording is identical to the wording served today.

Cited for: Chinese casino style

89. Internet Archive. Capture of the ReachMahjong forum, "Other Rules" board, 26 June 2010.

https://web.archive.org/web/20100626102811/http://www.reachmahjong.com:80/en/forum/viewforum.php?f=3

AI summary The board where non-Japanese rulesets were discussed on the forum that carried the Chinese casino style report. The archived page answers "You do not have the required permissions to read topics within this forum", so the archive holds the board's shell and none of its posts. reachmahjong.com itself now serves a hosting placeholder.

Cited for: Chinese casino style

90. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11b: Origins; Precursor Games." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11b.html

AI summary Matiao as progenitor, peng he pai as four sets of three-suited money cards, Depaulis and Asami Ryo on the card/domino ancestry, and John Low's translations of the Ningbo Display Hall booklet's genealogy panels.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

91. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11c: Origins; Who Created Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11c.html

AI summary The Chen Yumen attribution from the Ningbo Display Hall booklet, set against the Hung Hsiu-chuan, 'two Ningpo brothers', fisherman Sze and palace-concubine legends, with the author's caveat that Chen's changes and rules are not known.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

92. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11d: Origins; Earliest Writings on Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.

https://www.sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11d.html

AI summary Dated list of the earliest writings: Culin 1893, Wilkinson 1895, Natsume Soseki 1909, Shen Yifan's 1914 manual, and Depaulis's discovery of Wilkinson's 1925 memorandum quoting 1890 rules.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

93. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11e: Origins; Earliest Documented Mah-Jongg Sets." Sloperama.

https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11e.html

AI summary Composite description of the early-1870s Glover sets (the 'proto-mah-jongg' set), the Sheng Xuanhuai set, and the rank-tile sets of the late Qing.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

94. Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 1." The Playing-Card 32 (4), 2004; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-mahjongg-part-1/

AI summary The two Glover sets (AMNH 1/2377 and Brooklyn Museum 28.779) and the Himly set, with Glover's 1875 cover note naming the game and listing all 148 pieces, and Wilkinson's 1890 notes on chungfa.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic

95. Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g) Before Mahjong(g): Part 2." The Playing-Card 32 (5), 2004; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-mahjongg-part-2/

AI summary Wilkinson's 1889-92 Ningbo and Shanghai sets, the 1901 Laufer set and Culin's 1909 Shanghai set, and the conclusion that the tile set was fairly stable in group and tile numbers from c. 1872 to c. 1920.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic

96. Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g), Before and After Mahjong(g): Part 1." The Playing-Card 34 (4), 2006; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-and-after-mahjongg-part-1/

AI summary Depaulis's translation of Himly's 1901 tile-by-tile description of the 'Ningpoer Bambuskarten', and the resulting reconstruction of the Himly set.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

97. Stanwick, Michael. "Mahjong(g), Before and After Mahjong(g): Part 2." The Playing-Card 35 (1), 2006; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/tile-set-history/mahjongg-before-and-after-mahjongg-part-2/

AI summary The 140-piece Sheng Xuanhuai set, known from Dai Yu'an's Gu shui jiu wen (preface 1934), with virtue tiles for the directions, a rank suit and four king tiles.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese pre-classical

98. Stanwick, Michael. "The Origin and Development of the Mahjong Tile Set. Part 1." The Mahjong Collector; reproduced at themahjongtileset.co.uk.

https://www.themahjongtileset.co.uk/the-origin-and-development-of-the-mahjong-tile-set/

AI summary Summary of Himly's reasoning that his tile set belonged to the draw-and-discard class of three-suited, quadruplicated money-card games.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

99. Culin, Stewart. "Chinese Games with Dice and Dominoes." Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1893, Smithsonian Institution, 1895.

https://archive.org/details/chinesegameswith01culi

AI summary Primary description of the Glover set in the Long Island Historical Society, piece by piece, and of Wilkinson's near-identical Ningbo chung fa set. Read in the Internet Archive's scan.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic

100. Culin, Stewart. "The Game of Ma-Jong, its Origin and Significance." Brooklyn Museum Quarterly XI, October 1924.

https://web.archive.org/web/20110516224304/http://gamesmuseum.uwaterloo.ca/Archives/Culin/Majong1924/index.html

AI summary Money-derived cards as the immediate source of ma-jong; Wilkinson's 1891 Ningbo chung fat tablets; Culin's 1909 Shanghai purchase. Read through the Elliott Avedon Virtual Museum of Games transcription. The museum site no longer answers; the link goes to an Internet Archive capture of 16 May 2011, which carries the full article text.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic

101. Wilkinson, W. H. "Chinese Origin of Playing Cards." The American Anthropologist VIII (1), 1895, pp. 61-78.

https://archive.org/details/jstor-658442

AI summary Records that three-suited money cards were known in central China as kun p'ai or ma chioh, 'hempen birds'. Read in the Internet Archive's scan of the JSTOR early-journal copy.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

102. Wikipedia. "Mahjong tiles."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_tiles

AI summary Dates the dragon tiles: whites from replacement tiles, reds circa 1870, greens by 1890, with inner-flower jokers surviving in Vietnam.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

103. Pekats, Sam. "On the Advent and Spread of the Game Mah-Jong." The Yale Review of International Studies, 3 January 2019.

https://yris.yira.org/essays/on-the-advent-and-spread-of-the-game-mah-jong/

AI summary Undergraduate essay that Wikipedia cites for the F.E.B. Harvey / Chen Yumen 1861 story; its own footnote for that passage is a 2008 CCTV documentary on YouTube.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

104. 赵旭腾 (Zhao Xuteng). 《麻将起源考：并非郑和发明，在宁波定型并走向全国》. 澎湃新闻 The Paper, 私家历史, 15 December 2018.

https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2626049

AI summary Chinese-language source review: Zhang Deyi's 1889 shipboard diary of a mahjong set, Fan Zengxiang's 1902 'arose in Ningbo twenty years ago', Xu Ke and Du Yaquan on Ningbo versus Fujian-Guangdong, and Chen Ailu's 1925 Chen Yumen account.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

105. Chinese Wikipedia: 麻将.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E9%BA%BB%E5%B0%86

AI summary The origin section weighs the Ningbo and Fujian-Guangdong theories and traces each origin legend (Powell 1923, the Taiping hypothesis, the Tianyi Pavilion Chen Yumen account, the 2008 CCTV Harvey diary) to where it first appears.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese classical

106. Chinese Wikipedia: 陳政鑰 (Chen Zhengyao, courtesy name Yumen).

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E9%99%88%E9%B1%BC%E9%97%A8

AI summary Biographical stub: dates 1817-1878 are sourced to Xu Shidong's birthday address and Dong Pei's tomb inscription; the invention of mahjong is asserted without a citation.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

107. Sloper, Tom. "Shanghai and Ningbo, Part 2: Tianyi Pavilion." Sloperama, 2010, updated 2012.

https://www.sloperama.com/shanghainingbo/shangbo2.html

AI summary First-hand report on the Ningbo Display Hall of the Birthplace of Mahjong, and on the search for F.E.B. Harvey's supposed 1861 diary: the Chiba Mahjong Museum replied it does not hold it, and Yukio Mori reported Tianyi Pavilion's curators had never heard of it.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong

108. Culin, Stewart. Korean Games, with Notes on the Corresponding Games of China and Japan. University of Pennsylvania, 1895.

https://archive.org/details/cu31924023272424

AI summary Reprints the catalogue Wilkinson prepared for his card and domino collection at the World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893, including the entry for chung fat, set No. 43 from Ningbo. Read in the Internet Archive's scan of the Cornell copy.

Cited for: Chinese archaic

109. Depaulis, Thierry and Cofa Tsui. "Evolution of Various Forms of Mahjong (1890-2001)." International Mahjong InfoWeb, archive 205d(3), 2007, updated 2008.

https://www.imahjong.com/maiarchives205d_3.html

AI summary Feature-by-feature chart of the Chinese forms of the game from Wilkinson 1890 to Amy Lo 2001, taking the Late Qing novels as the reference gameplay. Its 1890 column is sourced to Wilkinson's 1925 memorandum.

Cited for: Chinese archaic, Late Qing style, Chinese pre-classical, Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style

110. Foster, R. F. "Legend and History in Mah Jong." Chapter of Foster on Mah Jong, New York, 1924; reproduced at Sloperama.

https://sloperama.com/cctheory/foster.html

AI summary A 1920s authority's survey of the origin stories and the earliest sets, including Wilkinson's 1893 Columbian Exposition set, which had no seasons.

Cited for: Chinese archaic

111. Ebashi Takashi (江橋崇). 「二 一九世紀の中国麻雀牌（プロト・マージャン）」, in 麻雀牌が語る麻雀の歴史. Japan Playing Card Museum (日本かるた文化館), 2018-2023.

https://japanplayingcardmuseum.com/mahjongtiles-19thcentury-china/

AI summary Eleven-page Japanese study of the 19th-century tile sets, drawing on the Chiba Mahjong Museum's collection: the Glover, Himly, Wilkinson, Laufer, Culin and Nagawa sets, plus two 1880s sets not in the English literature (the Ebashi 中發 set and the Noguchi 'court' set). Frames the period as 花麻雀 ('flower sparrow') giving way to Ningbo's 清麻雀 ('plain sparrow'). Pages are cited by number.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Chinese archaic, Chinese pre-classical, Hua ma que, North China flower sparrow

112. Chinese Wikipedia: 麻雀牌 (mahjong tiles).

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E7%89%8C

AI summary History section on the early sets, the Sheng Xuanhuai set, inner and outer flowers, the northern 花麻雀 with twenty or more flowers, and the eight wild tiles of Vietnamese sets and of 王麻雀.

Cited for: Proto-mahjong, Hua ma que, North China flower sparrow, Wang ma que, Changsha kings sparrow

113. Li Boyuan (李伯元). 官場現形記 (Guanchang xianxing ji, 'Officialdom Unmasked'), 60 chapters, serialised from 1903. Chinese Wikisource text.

https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%A0%B4%E7%8F%BE%E5%BD%A2%E8%A8%98

AI summary PRIMARY. The novel this node is named for. Ten chapters show 麻雀 played by officials in Jiangnan. Chapter 31 plays out and scores a complete hand.

Cited for: Late Qing style

114. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 11h: Mahjong History Timeline." Sloperama.

https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq11h.html

AI summary Dated timeline, including the late-Qing novels that show the game (Han Bangqing 1892, Li Boyuan 1903, Ouyang Juyuan 1903-04, Sun Jiazhen, Zhang Chunfan 1906-10, Lu Shi'e 1911) and the names each uses for the dragon tiles.

Cited for: Late Qing style, Mahjong Masters Millions

115. Wikipedia. "Officialdom Unmasked."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officialdom_Unmasked

AI summary Publication history of Li Boyuan's novel: written 1901-1906, 60 chapters, the first half serialised from April 1903 to June 1905, the last twelve chapters said to be by Ouyang Juyuan.

Cited for: Late Qing style

116. Han Bangqing (韓邦慶). 海上花列傳 (Haishang hua liezhuan, 'The Sing-Song Girls of Shanghai'), 64 chapters, 1892-1894. Chinese Wikisource text.

https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E8%8A%B1%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3

AI summary PRIMARY. The earliest novel to show the tile game, played in Shanghai's courtesan houses under the name 碰和 with a 麻雀牌 set. Chapter 26 plays and scores a complete hand.

Cited for: Late Qing style

117. Mauger, George Edward. "Quelques considérations sur les jeux en Chine et leur développement synchronique avec celui de l'Empire chinois." Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, VIe série, tome 6, 1915, pp. 238-281. Persée.

https://www.persee.fr/doc/bmsap_0037-8984_1915_num_6_5_8755

AI summary PRIMARY. The source the chart's node is named for. It includes the rules of 'ma-tchio-p'ai' (麻雀牌), with five worked hands, a points table and a payment example (text pp. 271-277).

Cited for: Chinese pre-classical

118. Mauger, G. E. Les jeux en Chine (1915), text edition by Pierre Palpant, Bibliothèque Chine ancienne (chineancienne.fr), March 2014.

https://www.chineancienne.fr/d%C3%A9but-20e-s/mauger-les-jeux-en-chine/

AI summary Full-text edition of the Persée article with the original page numbers marked. This is the text read for this compendium.

Cited for: Chinese pre-classical

119. Mahjong International League. "Duplicate." mahjong-mil.org, current rules page.

https://mahjong-mil.org/rules_dup/

AI summary The live successor to the withdrawn rules_dup.html. Defines the Duplicate Format of MCR: 136 tiles with no flowers, serial-numbered tile backs, pre-arranged hands and walls, and IMP scoring against the table average.

Cited for: Modern inventions, Duplicate mahjong

120. Wikipedia. "Mahjong International League."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_International_League

AI summary MIL was founded in 2015 and registered in Lausanne, held the first World Mahjong Sports Games in Sanya in October 2015, and was recognised as an observer by the International Mind Sports Association on 26 February 2016.

Cited for: Duplicate mahjong

121. Owl Works, LLC. "The Classic Games of Mhing and Mah Jongg."

https://owlworksllc.com/game-memories/the-classic-games-of-mhing-and-mah-jongg/

AI summary A player's account of Mhing's rules: a 150-card deck, 13 dealt, draw from the 'well', claim discards for chow or pung, and four sets and a pair to go out. It names Robert Sun as designer.

Cited for: Mhing

122. Wikipedia. "Mahjong solitaire."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjong_solitaire

AI summary A single-player tile-matching game created by Brodie Lockard on PLATO in 1981 and released by Activision as Shanghai in 1986. It uses the mahjong tile set, but 'the method of gameplay is unrelated'.

Cited for: Mahjong solitaire (tiles only, not mahjong play)

123. Wikipedia. "Rummikub."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummikub

AI summary A tile game developed by Ephraim Hertzano in the 1950s, 'combining elements of the card game rummy and mahjong': 106 tiles, 14 dealt, sets played to the table.

Cited for: Rummikub

124. Babcock, Joseph Park. "The Chinese Game 麻雀." Chapter VIII of Babcock's Rules for Mah-Jongg: The Red Book of Rules, second edition, Shanghai and San Francisco, 1923, pp. 63-82; transcribed on Wikisource.

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Babcock%27s_Rules_for_Mah-Jongg/Chapter_8

AI summary Babcock's account of how the Chinese game differed from his own Mah-Jongg: four rounds with seats drawn by wind discs, the round wind doubling, a 14-tile dead wall, 2 points for a pair, edge or middle wait, one-suit doubling for the winner only, limit hands, the Chinese insurance penalties, a 300-point limit, and the 'New Method' in which the discarder pays double and East no longer pays or receives double.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

125. Tchou Kia-kien [Zhu Jiajian]. Le mah-jong tel qu'il est joué par les Chinois. Paris: Les Éditions du Monde Moderne, 1924. Text edition by Pierre Palpant, Bibliothèque Chine ancienne, 2012.

https://www.chineancienne.fr/d%C3%A9but-20e-s/tchou-kia-kien-le-mah-jong/

AI summary A Chinese author's full rulebook for the game 'as the Chinese play it': 136 tiles, flowers optional and disliked by 'true amateurs', walls of 17 stacks, points then fan doublings, settlement among the losers, the 'old mode' with East paying and receiving double, and the 'new mode', which 'all Chinese players have adopted', in which the discarder pays double.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

126. 上海遊藝社 (Shanghai Youyi She), ed. 《繪圖麻雀牌譜》 [Illustrated Manual of Mahjong]. Shanghai: 上海遊藝社, 1924 (民國13年), 60 pp. National Library of China scan, on Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NLC416-09jh003414-41132_%E7%B9%AA%E5%9C%96%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80%E7%89%8C%E8%AD%9C.pdf

AI summary The 1924 Shanghai edition of the first Chinese mahjong manual (Shen Yifan's, 1914): 136 tiles with no flowers, 17-stack walls, 副 (points) and 倍 (doublings), 10 副 for going out, ten 賀例 special hands including 國士無雙 and 九連寶燈, the 滿門 limit of about 300 副, liability rules, a 14-tile 王張 dead wall, and a note on the 'recent new method' of double payment for a self-drawn win. Read from the page images of the scan.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

127. Mahjong Wiki. "Chinese Classical Scoring." mahjong.wikidot.com.

http://mahjong.wikidot.com/rules:chinese-classical-scoring

AI summary Doubles and mini-point tables for 'Early Classical (1900s)', 'Late Classical (1910s)', Shanghai New Style and Hong Kong New Style, with the Classical payout in which all players pay and receive. No sources are cited for the period columns.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

128. Sloper, Tom. "Chinese Mah-Jongg: Rules & Options." Manual chapter for Shanghai: Second Dynasty (Activision); hosted at Sloperama.

https://sloperama.com/shanghai/Images/mjchin.htm

AI summary A modern description of the classic Chinese game 'as it was played in China in the 1920s and 1930s, and as it is played today in Europe': base points then doubles, 20 for going out, and 'Payment to All' as an optional rule under which a non-winner can earn more than the winner.

Cited for: Chinese classical

129. Tow, Julius Su (J. S. Tow). The Outline of Mah Jong: How to Play and How to Win, the Real Chinese Methods. New York: Pacific Printing Co., 1924. Scanned at the Internet Archive.

https://archive.org/details/outlineofmahjong00towj

AI summary A Chinese author's account of the classical game (the Leader pays and receives double, the losers settle among themselves, a limit of 300 to 600), with footnotes and an appendix of regional variations: Shanghai and Ningbo single-tier walls of 21 with 13 counted out to each player, a base of 10 'quite common in Shanghai' against the usual 20, all-pung hands worth only 10 extra in Shanghai instead of a double, and a 16-tile game in Fukien.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style

130. Wei, Wing Lock. The Theory of Mah Jong: Its Principles, Psychology, Tactics, Strategies, and Fine Points, including the Complete Chinese Rules of Play. Boston: Small, Maynard, 1925. Scanned at the Internet Archive.

https://archive.org/details/theoryofmahjongi00weiw

AI summary A Chinese author's 'complete Chinese rules': East always wins or loses twice the score, the losers settle the differences between their scores, a limit of 300 to 600, and liability penalties that make a discarder pay all losses for feeding a one-suit hand after nine tiles of that suit are exposed, or a terminals, winds or dragons hand.

Cited for: Chinese classical

131. Chinese Wikipedia: 香港麻將 (Hong Kong mahjong), traditional-script edition.

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%BA%BB%E9%9B%80

AI summary Traces modern Hong Kong and Guangdong mahjong to the 清章 (Clear Chapter) way of play evolved out of 老章 (Old Chapter), with 新章 (New Chapter) formed by adding hands such as 六獨, 十八台 and 無奇不有; and the older Hong Kong practice of 雞四 (no minimum, four-tai limit), no flowers and the 二二制 before today's 三三制 and three-tai minimum.

Cited for: Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS

132. Kwan, Alan Shiu Ho (關兆豪). 《中庸麻雀史觀》 (Zung Jung: a Perspective of Mahjong History). Online book, 2009, zj-mahjong.info.

http://www.zj-mahjong.info/book_hk/Table%20of%20Contents.html

AI summary A history of scoring by the author of Zung Jung. Early classical rules after Hatsuhara Shigeki's 1952 reconstruction; the late classical 'inflation' of hands and base score; Hong Kong Old Style (舊章) derived directly from the late classical game by abolishing fu and adopting discarder-pays-double (出銃么二制); the 二二制 and 三三制, the 勒 multiple-limit system and the rising minimum; and New Chapter (新章) as a later re-addition of hands. Gives no dates for the Hong Kong stages.

Cited for: Chinese classical, Shanghai / Hong Kong new style, Hong Kong old style, Modern HKOS

133. Hong Kong Mahjong Association (香港麻雀協會). "Hong Kong Mahjong (Classical Mahjong)" rulebook, latest version 17 May 2023; Chinese edition 《香港麻雀總例》 / GGHK 《十三張清張麻雀規則》.

https://www.hkmahjong.org/rules?lang=en

AI summary The Association's competition rules for 香港麻雀, 'also called 清章麻雀, 廣東牌 (local name only), Classical Mahjong': 144 or 136 tiles, a 3-faan threshold, faan capped at 10, the discarder paying the whole hand, pao on a fourth meld and on the third dragon set, semi-flush and all triplets 3 faan, flush 7, and a faan-to-score table from 3 faan (32 on a discard, 16 from each on a self-draw) to 10 faan (512).

Cited for: Modern HKOS

134. Sloper, Tom. "FAQ 17: Hong Kong Mah-Jongg." Sloperama.

https://sloperama.com/mjfaq/mjfaq17.html

AI summary Beginner's guide to the 3-fan Hong Kong game ('no chicken hands allowed'), with reader letters: the 3-fan minimum was the norm of the Yahoo! online room, while in-person tables often play a 1-fan minimum; Sloper's view that the 3-fan minimum reduces the fun and increases draws.

Cited for: Modern HKOS